Selected Bibliography:

• Anthes, Richard A., 1985: Predictability of mesoscale atmospheric motions, Advances in Geophysics: Issues in atmospheric and oceanic modeling, Pt. B, Weather Dynamics, 28, 159-202.
• Barkmeijer, J.,R. Buizza, T.N. Palmer, K. Puri, and J.-F. Mahfouf, 2001: Tropical singular vectors computed with linearized diabatic physics. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 685-708.
  
• Buizza, R., 1994: Sensitivity of optimal unstable structures. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 429-452.
• Buizza, R. and C. Piero, 2002: Prediction of the U.S. Storm of 24-26 January 2000 with the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1531-1551.
• Daley, R., 1981: Predictability experiments with a baroclinic model. Atmosphere-Ocean,19-2, 77-89.
• Ehrendorfer, M., and R. Errico, 1995: Mesoscale predictability and the spectrum of optimal perturbations. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3475-3500.
• Ehrendorfer, M., R. Errico and K. Raeder, 1999: Singular-vector perturbation growth in a primitive equation model with moist physics. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1627-1648.
• Errico, R. and D. Baumhefner, 1987: Predictability experiments using a high-resolution limited-area model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 488-504.
• Errico, R. and K. Raeder, 1999: An examination of the accuracy of the linearization of a mesoscale model with moist physics. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 169-195.
• Errico, R., K. Raeder and T. Vukicevic, 1993: Examination of the accuracy of a tangent linear model. Tellus, 45A, 462-477.
• Errico, R. and T. Vukicevic, 1992: Sensitivity analysis using an adjoint of the PSU-NCAR mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1644-1660.
• Farrell, B., 1990: Small Error Dynamics and the Predictability of Atmospheric Flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2409-2416.
• Gelaro, R., R. Buizza, T.N. Palmer and E. Klinker, 1998: Sensitivity analysis of forecast errors and the construction of optimal perturbations using singular vectors. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1012-1037.
• Gelaro, R., R.H. Langland, C.A. Reynolds and G.D. Rohaly, 2000: A predictability study using geostationary satellite wind observations during NORPEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3789-3807.
• Hall, M., D. Cacuci and M. Schlesinger, 1982: Sensitivity analysis of a radiative-convective model by the adjoint method. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2038-2050.
• Hall, M. and D. Cacuci, 1983: Physical interpretation of the adjoint functions for sensitivity analysis of atmospheric models. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2537-2546.
• Hello, G., F. Lalaurette and J.-N., 2000: Combined use of sensitivity information and observations to improve meteorological forecasts: a feasibility study applied to the `Christmas storm' case. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 621-647.
• Hoskins, B., R. Buizza, R and J. Badger, 2000: The nature of singular vector growth and structure. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 1565-1580.
• Lacarra, J.-F. and O. Talagrand, 1988: Short-range evolution of small perturbations in a barotropic model. Tellus, 40A, 81-95.
• Langland, R., M. Shapiro and R. Gelaro, 2002: Initial condition sensitivity and error growth in forecasts of the 25 January 2000 east coast snowstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 957-974
• Langland, R. and R. Errico, 1996: Comments on "Use of an adjoint model for finding triggers for Alpine Lee cyclogenesis". Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 757-760.
• Langland, R., R. Elsberry and R. Errico, 1995: Evaluation of physical processes in an idealized extratropical cyclone using adjoint sensitivity. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 1349-1386.
• Lorenz, E., 1982: Atmospheric predictability experiments with a large numerical model. Tellus, 34, 505-513.
• Miguez-Macho, G. and J. Paegle, 2000: Sensitivity of a global forecast model to initializations with reanalysis datasets. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3879-3889.
• Miguez-Macho, G. and J. Paegle, 2001: Sensitivity of North American numerical weather prediction to initial state uncertainty in selected upstream subdomains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2005-2022.
• Molteni, F. and T.N. Palmer, 1993: Predictability and finite-time instability of the northern winter circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 269-298.
• Nicolis, C., 1992: Comments on "Small error dynamics and the predictability of atmospheric flows". J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2171-2172.
• Orlanski, I. and J. Katzfey, 1987: Sensitivity of model simulations for a coastal cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2792-2821.
• Rabier, F, E. Klinker, P. Courtier and A. Hollingsworth, 1996: Sensitivity of forecast errors to initial conditions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 121-150.
• Rabier, F, P. Courtier and O. Talagrand, 1992: An application of adjoint models to sensitivity analysis, Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, 65-no. 3, 177-192.
• Simmons, A.J., R. Mureau and T. Petroliagis, 1995: Error growth and estimates of predictability from the ECMWF forecasting system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 1739-1771.
• Sirkes, Z. and E. Tziperman, 1997: Finite difference of adjoint or adjoint of finite difference?. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3373-3378.
• Vukicevic, T. and R. Errico, 1990: The influence of artificial and physical factors upon predictability estimates using a complex limited-area model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1460-1482.
• Vukicevic, T. and R. Errico, 1993: Linearization and adjoint of parameterized moist diabatic processes. Tellus, 45A, 493-510.
  
• Vukicevic, T and K. Raeder, 1995: Use of an Adjoint Model for Finding Triggers for Alpine Lee Cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 800-816.
• Zhang, F., C. Snyder and R. Rotunno, 2002: Mesoscale predictability of the "surprise" snowstorm of 24-25 January 2000. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1617-1632.
• Zhang, F., C. Snyder and R. Rotunno, 2003: Effects of moist convection on mesoscale predictability. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1173-1185.
• Zou, X., Y.-H. Kuo and S. Low-Nam, 1998: Medium-range prediction of an extratropical oceanic cyclone: impact of initial state. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2737-2763.
• Zou, X., A. Barcilon, I.M. Navon, J. Whitaker and D. Cacuci, 1993: An adjoint sensitivity study of blocking in a two-layer isentropic model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2833-2857.